Higher Education Attrition: Determinants, Impacts, and Policy Interventions in Urban Universities

Abstract

Attrition in higher education remains a pressing concern, impacting student success and institutional efficiency. This study quantitatively examines the determinants of attrition in urban universities in Peshawar, focusing on financial, academic, social, and psychological factors. A structured survey of 300 undergraduate students was conducted, and multiple regression analysis was employed. Results indicate that financial constraints (β = 0.38) and academic difficulties (β = 0.31) were the strongest predictors of attrition. Poor social integration and psychological stress also significantly influenced dropout likelihood. Humanities students showed slightly higher attrition risk. Policy interventions including financial aid, academic support, social integration programs, and mental health services are recommended to reduce attrition. The study provides evidence-based guidance for enhancing student retention and institutional effectiveness.